{"id":5063,"date":"2021-05-30T13:36:06","date_gmt":"2021-05-30T10:36:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/?p=5063"},"modified":"2021-05-30T13:36:06","modified_gmt":"2021-05-30T10:36:06","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%ab-%d9%88%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/?p=5063","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 1288-1331\u0647\u0640\/ 1871-1913\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"
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1 – \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631: (\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645…)[17]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0.<\/p>\n

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2 – \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a – \u0642\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 1.2%\u00a0[19]<\/a><\/sup>\u00a0\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

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1 – \u0625\u0646\u0647 – \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

2 – \u0625\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

3 – \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

<\/div>\n
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[1]<\/a>\u00a0 Akarli , Engin. “abdulhamid II’s Attempet To Tntegrate In the Ottoman System.”In palastine In The late Ottman period, political Social And Econamic, London , 1986 , P.75.:<\/p>\n

[2]<\/a>\u00a0 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 :<\/p>\n

Bayarm , Kordaman , Abdulhamid Devri Eqitim Sistemi Ankara , 1991.<\/p>\n

Deringil Selim “legitimacy In The Ottman State, The Reign Of Abdulhamid II (1876-1909) . Internatioal Jounral of Middle East Studies, 28.1991.<\/p>\n

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[4]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a : \u0627\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c BOA , ID , 44930.<\/p>\n

[5]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 :<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641\u060c 1377\u0647\u0640.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c 1419\u0647\u0640 \/ 1999\u0645.<\/p>\n

[6]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c 1995\u0645\u060c \u0635 317-318. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u064a\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 44\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 13\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 2007\u0645\u060c \u0635 37-46\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 44\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 13\u060c 2007\u0645 \u0635 48-52. \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 44\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 13\u060c 2007\u060c \u063553-63.<\/p>\n

[7]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1311\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 111-115.<\/p>\n

[8]<\/a>\u00a0 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1299\u0647\u0640 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0626\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a \u0647\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1973\u060c \u0635 86.<\/p>\n

[9]<\/a>\u00a0 Vital Cuinet, Laturquie Dasie , paris , 1894 , P.321.<\/p>\n

[10]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629\u060c 1972\u0645\u060c \u062c2\u060c \u0635 280-288.<\/p>\n

[11]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629: BOA , HHTHR , 349\/4.<\/p>\n

[12]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a 2.18 (\u0628\u0646\u0633)<\/p>\n

[13]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0648\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1311\u0647\u0640 (2171350) \u0642\u0631\u0634\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0645 1314 (1224597) \u0642\u0631\u0634\u0627\u064b. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1311\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 195-196\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1314\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 164-165.<\/p>\n

[14]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1286\u0647\u0640 \/ 1869\u0645 \u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 “\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0647” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0641\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1301\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635156-187\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 1317\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 86-82.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0632\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c 1638-1917\u0645\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c 1959\u0645\u060c \u0635 149-150\u060c \u0635 162-163.<\/p>\n

[15]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1316\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635956-961\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1318\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 1174\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1319\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635 463.<\/p>\n

[16]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 : \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u062c2\u060c \u0635 280-281\u060c \u0635288.<\/p>\n

[17]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0635 281.<\/p>\n

[18]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 349\/4.<\/p>\n

[19]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u060c \u0639\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628\u060c 1800-1914\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c 1990\u0645\u060c \u0635 610-611\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0631<\/p>\n

[20]<\/a>\u00a0 Vital , Cuinet , Turquie Dasie , Pavis , 1894,321.<\/p>\n

[21]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0635 280-288.<\/p>\n

[22]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 , BOA , HHTHR , 349\/4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\/ \"\"<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645\/\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (1293-1327\u0647\u0640 \/ 1876-1909\u0645) \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u064f\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: (\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":5065,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5063","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-77"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5063","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5063"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5063\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5072,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5063\/revisions\/5072"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5065"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5063"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5063"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.alhasa-turath.org\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5063"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}